A follow-up: >Eduard Hovy wrote: > > Might be interesting to take a look at...there > are occasional tings, like the tables on p. 40 > and 48, the axioms on pp. 77-, comparisons to > DOLCE (pp. 128-) and Sowa (pp. 134-), > and especially the top-level stuff in the Appendix pp. 149-157. > > E From: owner-standard-upper-ontology@listserv.ieee.org on behalf of Party of Citizens [citizens@VCN.BC.CA] Sent: Tuesday, September 07, 2004 5:22 PM To: John F. Sowa; standard-upper-ontology@listserv.ieee.org Cc: barbara.heller@imise.uni-leipzig.de; herre@informatik.uni-leipzig.de; cg@cs.uah.edu; cl@philebus.tamu.edu; EDTV-Robotics-State-Of-The-Art@yahoogroups.com; Robot-for-President@yahoogroups.com; nlp@domeus.co.uk; C-Students-Of-BCIT@yahoogroups.com; MIT-OPENCOURSEWARE-DISCUSSION@yahoogroups.com; AI-Arms-Race@yahoogroups.com Subject: Re: General Ontological Language (GOL) If you want to teach natural language to a robot, start with the Peabody Picture Vocabulary approach: "Point-and-Tell". Peabody is normed all the way from age 2 to age 90. You can go quite far in teaching R4P a form of English this way. From there it isn't too far to a National Convention, with The Terminator on the stage and the rest of R4P's robot family; C-BOT from BCIT will be the rival candidate. Z ----- Original Message ----- From: "John F. Sowa" To: Cc: ; ; ; Sent: Tuesday, September 07, 2004 9:08 AM Subject: General Ontological Language (GOL) > I recently came across another project to develop a > version of logic and an upper ontology, which builds > on and integrates much of the ongoing research: > > http://www.onto-med.de/en/publications/scientific-reports/om-report-no7.pdf > > This is a well documented study, which I believe > should be considered along with other candidate > documents for the SUO Working Group. > > As I have said many times, I don't believe that > any single ontology (upper, middle, or lower) > deserves to be blessed as a universal standard. > However, I do believe that *all* promising > candidates should be accommodated. And this > is indeed a very promising example. > > Following is the table of contents from the GOL > document. The two principal authors, Barbara Heller > and Heinrich Herre, are on the cc list above. > > John Sowa > ____________________________________________________ > > General Ontological Language (GOL) > Version 1.0 > Barbara Heller, Heinrich Herre > in collaboration with > Patryk Burek, Frank Loebe, Hannes Michalek > August 2004 > > Contents > > 1 Introduction ......................................... 7 > 1.1 Formal Ontology and Information Systems ............ 7 > 1.2 General Architecture of GOL ........................ 8 > 1.3 Applications ....................................... 9 > 1.4 Related Work ...................................... 10 > 1.5 Structure of the Report ........................... 11 > > 2 Meta-Ontological Principles, Basic Assumptions, and > Logical Methods ..................................... 13 > 2.1 Categories ........................................ 13 > 2.2 The Axiomatic Deductive Method .................... 13 > 2.3 Semantic Transformation and Interpretability ...... 14 > > 3 Categories, Classes, Individuals, and Levels ........ 16 > 3.1 Types of Classes and Categories ................... 16 > 3.2 Individuals and Universals ........................ 16 > 3.3 Levels ............................................ 17 > > 4 Space and Time ...................................... 19 > 4.1 Time .............................................. 19 > 4.2 Space ............................................. 21 > > 5 Basic Categories of Individuals ..................... 22 > 5.1 Presentials, Persistants, and Processes ........... 22 > 5.2 Physical Structures ............................... 23 > 5.2.1 Physical Structures and Properties .............. 24 > 5.2.2 Physical Structures and Substrates .............. 24 > 5.2.3 Physical Structures and Space ................... 25 > 5.2.4 Boundaries of Physical Structures ............... 26 > 5.2.5 Physical Structures and Time .................... 27 > 5.2.6 Persistence and the Meaning of Proper Names ..... 27 > 5.3 Properties ........................................ 28 > 5.3.1 Property and Property Bearer .................... 29 > 5.3.2 Property Value .................................. 30 > 5.3.3 Quality and Quality Value ....................... 30 > 5.3.4 Classification of Properties .................... 31 > 5.4 Occurrents ........................................ 32 > 5.4.1 Processes ....................................... 32 > 5.4.2 Changes ......................................... 34 > 5.4.3 Discrete vs. Continuous Processes and States .... 34 > 5.4.4 Histories ....................................... 35 > 5.4.5 Simple and Complex Processes .................... 35 > 5.4.6 Relating Processes to Space ..................... 35 > 5.4.7 Process Classifications ......................... 36 > 5.5 Mental and Social Entities ........................ 37 > > 6 Relations and Facts ................................. 39 > 6.1 Relations, Relators and Relational Roles .......... 39 > 6.1.1 Basic Notions ................................... 39 > 6.1.2 Classifications of Relations .................... 40 > 6.2 Facts, Propositions and Infons .................... 41 > 6.2.1 Basic Notions ................................... 41 > 6.2.2 Representing Facts .............................. 41 > 6.2.3 Classifications of Facts ........................ 43 > 6.2.4 Factual Universals .............................. 43 > 6.3 Formal Relations of the GFO ....................... 44 > 6.3.1 Class and Set-theoretical Relations ............. 44 > 6.3.2 Instantiation ................................... 45 > 6.3.3 Property Relations .............................. 45 > 6.3.4 Parthood and Its Neighbors ...................... 45 > 6.3.5 Relating to Time and Space ...................... 47 > 6.3.6 Association ..................................... 48 > 6.3.7 Ontical Connectedness ........................... 48 > 6.3.8 Existential Dependence .......................... 48 > 6.3.9 Future Extensions: Causality and Denotation ..... 49 > > 7 Situoids, Situations, and Configurations ............ 50 > 7.1 Situations and Configurations ..................... 50 > 7.2 Situoids and Configuroids ......................... 51 > > 8 Syntax of GOL ....................................... 53 > 8.1 Typed Representation Language RGOL ................ 53 > 8.1.1 Types ........................................... 53 > 8.1.2 Alphabet of the Language L(?) ................... 54 > 8.1.3 Formulas of L(?) ................................ 54 > 8.1.4 Axioms .......................................... 55 > 8.2 Type-free languages ............................... 56 > 8.2.1 Basic System BTF(GOL) ........................... 57 > 8.2.2 Extended System ................................. 58 > 8.2.3 First-order GOL (FO-GOL) ........................ 59 > 8.3 Conformance Principles and Summary of Languages ... 59 > 8.3.1 Dimensions of RGOL Subsystems ................... 59 > 8.3.2 Summary of Languages ............................ 59 > > 9 Principles of Theory Building and Meta-Logical > Properties .......................................... 60 > 9.1 Modularization and Independence ................... 60 > 9.2 Consistency and Paraconsistency ................... 61 > 9.3 Uncompleteness Degrees ............................ 62 > 9.4 Decidability and Axiomatizability ................. 62 > 9.5 Definability ...................................... 63 > > 10 Ontological Mappings and Reference Ontologies ...... 65 > 10.1 Basic Principles ................................. 65 > 10.2 Ontological Mappings of Terminology Systems ...... 66 > 10.3 Related Work ..................................... 67 > > 11 Axiomatics of GFO in FO-GOL ........................ 69 > 11.1 Axioms Pertaining to Part-of ..................... 69 > 11.1.1 Preliminaries .................................. 69 > 11.1.2 Abstract Part-of: System AM .................... 69 > 11.1.3 Material Part-of ............................... 70 > 11.1.4 Summary, Remarks, and Problems ................. 71 > 11.2 Axioms Pertaining to Time ........................ 71 > 11.2.1 Preliminaries .................................. 71 > 11.2.2 System T3: Temporal Boundaries ................. 73 > 11.2.3 System T3: Mereology of Time-regions ........... 73 > 11.2.4 System T3: Chronoids and Time-regions .......... 73 > 11.2.5 System T2 ...................................... 74 > 11.2.6 System T1: Temporal Boundaries ................. 74 > 11.2.7 System T1: Mereology of Chronoids .............. 74 > 11.2.8 Summary, Remarks, and Problems ................. 75 > 11.3 Axioms Pertaining to Space ....................... 76 > 11.3.1 Preliminaries .................................. 76 > 11.3.2 Mereology of Space ............................. 78 > 11.3.3 Spatial Boundaries and Topology ................ 79 > 11.3.4 Summary, Remarks, and Problems ................. 81 > 11.4 Axioms Pertaining to Presentials ................. 82 > 11.4.1 Preliminaries .................................. 82 > 11.4.2 Presentials and Presential Qualities ........... 84 > 11.4.3 Physical Structures and Space .................. 85 > 11.4.4 Physical Boundaries and Topology ............... 86 > 11.4.5 Classification of Physical Structures .......... 87 > 11.4.6 Summary, Remarks, and Problems ................. 88 > 11.5 Axioms Pertaining to Persistants ................. 89 > 11.5.1 Preliminaries .................................. 89 > 11.5.2 General Axioms ................................. 90 > 11.5.3 Ontical Connectedness .......................... 91 > 11.5.4 Classification of Persistants .................. 92 > 11.5.5 Persistants and Processes ...................... 92 > 11.6 Axioms Pertaining to Occurrents .................. 92 > 11.6.1 Preliminaries .................................. 92 > 11.6.2 General Axioms ................................. 93 > 11.6.3 Mereology of Processes ......................... 93 > 11.6.4 Processes and Boundaries ....................... 94 > 11.6.5 Processes and Properties ....................... 94 > 11.6.6 Processes and Space ............................ 95 > 11.6.7 Classification of Occurrents ................... 95 > 11.6.8 Summary, Remarks, and Problems ................. 96 > 11.7 Axioms Pertaining to Situoids and Situations ..... 97 > 11.7.1 Preliminaries .................................. 97 > 11.7.2 Situations: Global Axioms for Fixed Time- > boundary and Signature ......................... 99 > 11.7.3 Situations: Local Axioms for Fixed Time- > boundary and Signature ......................... 99 > 11.7.4 Situations: Global Axioms for Varying Time- > boundary and Free Signature ................... 100 > 11.7.5 Situations: Local Axioms for Varying Time- > boundary and Free Signature ................... 100 > 11.7.6 Situoids: General Axioms for Fixed Signature .. 101 > 11.7.7 Situoids: Local Axioms for Fixed Signature .... 102 > 11.7.8 Summary, Remarks, and Problems ................ 102 > > 12 Axiomatics of GFO in RGOL ......................... 103 > 12.1 Type System ..................................... 103 > 12.2 Primitives ...................................... 103 > 12.3 Axioms on Categories ............................ 104 > 12.4 Axioms on Classes ............................... 105 > > 13 Meta-logical Analyses ............................. 106 > 13.1 Abstract Part-of Relation ....................... 106 > 13.2 Ontology of Time ................................ 108 > 13.2.1 Preliminaries ................................. 108 > 13.2.2 Primitives and Model Structure ................ 108 > 13.2.3 Definitions ................................... 108 > 13.2.4 Axioms ........................................ 109 > 13.3 Comparison to Allen-Hayes’ Theory of Time ....... 111 > 13.3.1 Interpretation of T(AH) in T1 ................. 111 > 13.3.2 Interpretation of T1 in T(AH) ................. 112 > > 14 Semantics of GOL .................................. 113 > 14.1 Model-theoretic Semantics ....................... 113 > 14.2 Situation and Situoid Semantics in General ...... 114 > 14.3 Situations ...................................... 114 > 14.4 Situoids ........................................ 118 > 14.4.1 Types of Infons in Situoids ................... 119 > 14.4.2 Types of Extensions of Situoids ............... 120 > > 15 Comparison to Other Top-Level Ontologies .......... 124 > 15.1 Comparison to DOLCE ............................. 124 > 15.1.1 Ontological Levels ............................ 124 > 15.1.2 Classes, Universals and Individuals ........... 125 > 15.1.3 Time and Space ................................ 125 > 15.1.4 Presentials, Persistants and Endurants ........ 125 > 15.1.5 Properties, Qualities, Quality Values and > Qualia ........................................ 126 > 15.1.6 Processes and Perdurants ...................... 127 > 15.2 Comparison to Sowa’s Ontology ................... 130 > 15.2.1 Introduction: Construction Method ............. 130 > 15.2.2 Physical and Abstract Categories .............. 130 > 15.2.3 Firstness, Secondness and Thirdness ........... 131 > 15.2.4 Continuants and Occurrents .................... 132 > 15.2.5 Combination of the Distinctions ............... 132 > 15.2.6 Conclusion .................................... 132 > > 16 Examples .......................................... 136 > 16.1 Example for Comparison: The Statue and the Clay . 136 > 16.1.1 Source Material ............................... 136 > 16.1.2 Ontological Analysis .......................... 136 > 16.1.3 Comparison with the DOLCE Formalization ....... 137 > 16.2 The Race Example ................................ 138 > 16.2.1 Source Material ............................... 138 > 16.2.2 Ontological Analysis .......................... 138 > 16.3 Staging Example ................................. 141 > 16.3.1 Source Material ............................... 141 > 16.3.2 Ontological Embedding into GFO ................ 141 > 16.3.3 Domain-specific Extension ..................... 143 > > Acknowledgements ..................................... 144 > > Appendix A: GFO Category and Relation Hierarchies .... 145 > > Appendix B: Diagrammatic Schemes ..................... 149 > > Bibliography ......................................... 154 > > Index ................................................ 160 > > Index of Symbols ..................................... 163 >